John Clifton "Jack" Bogle (May 8, 1929 – January 16, 2019) was an American investor, business magnate, and philanthropist. He founded The Vanguard Group and is credited with popularizing the index fund. Bogle preached investment over speculation, long-term patience over short-term action, and reducing broker fees. He advocated for low-cost index funds representing the entire US market, held over a lifetime with dividends reinvested.