Bernard Spitz is a business leader, administrator, advisor, senior civil servant, and essayist. After graduating from ENA, he joined the Conseil d'Etat and served as an advisor in Prime Minister M. Rocard's cabinet in 1988. In 1992, he moved to Canal+ as Director of Digital Strategy and Development, and later became Director of Strategy for Vivendi Universal in 2000, where he oversaw telecom consolidation, Asian developments, and TV, music, and publishing business units.